7a.) Turing-Galaxis: Netz
Literatur
weiter: http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/geographic.html
| A fascinating Visualization Study of the NSFNET, undertaken by Donna Cox and Robert Patterson from the NCSA in 1992. The impressive images shown are some of the results of this study. |
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| The work of John
December in charting cyberspace. These conceptual cybermaps show the
key information domains and landmarks of cyberspace, circa 1994/95, and
the interrelationships between them.
For more information see the Map of the Month article "Conceptual
Map of Net Spaces" in Mappa.Mundi Magazine.
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| A "Roadmap to Significant Internet Related Institutional
Parties", produced by the World Internetworking Alliance (WIA).
http://www.wia.org/ |
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| Valdis Krebs is an expert in organisation network analysis.
He has analysed the structure of the Internet industry, looking at the
ownership and alliances between different companies providing the infrastructure,
content and commerce. Three key metrics were used to understand the structure
- control, access and status.
The results are presented in an interactive graph in the Internet Industry map. The four companies with the most control over the Internet industry were AOL, Microsoft, AT&T and Yahoo!, shown by the large red circles. |
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| "Warriors of the Net"
is a short movie that wonderfully shows how the Internet works from
the viewpoint of individual data packets. It was created by Gunilla Elam,
Tomas Stephansson, Niklas Hanberger and Monte Reid, at the Ericsson Medialab,
in Sweden. 12"
Watch full 12" MPEG movie
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| The film Tron,
made in 1982, pioneered the use of computer generated special effects and
also provided influential representations of virtual space within a computer.
Particularly memorable was the light bike chases shown in the image below.
The film was made by Walt Disney Pictures and was directed by Steven Lisberger
and starred Jeff Bridges and Bruce Boxleitner.
See The Tron Page by Guy Gordon for more information.
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| Johnny
Mnemonic
was scripted by William Gibson himself, from one of his short stories. It was released by Tristar Pictures in 1995, directed by Robert Longo and starring Keanu Reeves, Dina Meyer and Ice-T. There were three major sequences in the film visualising Cyberspace and these were created by different special effects companies. The "Internet navigation" sequence was created by Sony Pictures Imageworks, the "Digital Dream" sequence was by Braid Media Arts. Lastly, the "Data Upload" sequence was created by C.O.R.E. Digital Pictures. The striking image above is taken from their work, visualising loading vast volumes of data into Cyberspace. Film reviews of Johnny Mnemonic are listed at the The Linköping
Science Fiction & Fantasy Archive. An article by Artie Romero called
"Hollywood
Goes Cyberpunk" give more details on Braid Media Arts work on visualising
Cyberspace in the film. While Steve Napleton's academic paper, "Johnny
Mnemonic: Cyberspace and the Displacement of Digital Anxiety in Hollywood
Cinema" provides a detailed analysis of the film.
(Image © C.O.R.E. Digital Picture.) |
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| Hackers
The 1995 film Hackers, directed by Iain Softley and starring Jonny Lee Miller and Angelina Jolie. The key Cyberspace representation in the film was the "City of Text" dataspace. This was visualised as a Gibsonian urban landscape of skyscrapers of pulsing information and computer circuitry, as shown by the image below. It was created by Artem Visual Effects, based in London. There is also an official Hackers site
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| The Matrix
by Andy and Larry Wachowski's, starring Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, and Carrie-Anne Moss, was a major hit in 1999. The official film web site is What Is The Matrix. The key representation of cyberspace in the film was the eerie green flowing computer code, culminating in the final battle with the AI agents in the 'corridor of code'. These striking images were created by Animal Logic, a special effects company in Australia. |
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| Transarchitecture
These two images are from the work of Marcos Novak. Novak is a transarchitect: an architect, artist, composer, and theorist who employs algorithmic techniques to design actual, virtual and hybrid intelligent environments. He is visiting Associate Professor at the Department of Architecture
and Urban Design at UCLA and his homepage contains many more striking examples
of his work.
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| Net.Art
Shredder's representation of the Atlas of Cyberspaces Shredder is a net-art feature that literally shreds the nicely designed web page, rendering pages in a strange new chaotic forms. It was created by Mark Napier, POTATOLAND.org. The image below is the result of apply Shredder to the web site maps page of the Atlas of Cyberspaces.
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| Überwachungstechnologien I. |  |
| Überwachungstechnologien II. | Technologies of Political Control (PDF) |
| Der Daten-Körper | The Data Body (PDF) |
| Echelon | Karten des Echelon-Systems (PDF) |
| Empirische Internet-Forschung
Stanford-Studie UCLA-Studie Digital Divide
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| Literatur
Michael Benedikt (Hrsg.) Cyberspace. First Steps, Cambridge und London 1991, MIT Press John S. Quarterman: The Matrix: Computer Networks and Conferencing Systems Worldwide, Bedford, Mass. 1990 Katie Hafner u. Matthew Lyon, When Wizards Stay up Late, ###; dt.:
Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought, ### Thomas Berker, Internetnutzung im Alltag. Zur Geschichte, Theorie, Empirie und Kritik der Nutzung eines "jungen" Mediums. Vorabversionen der Dissertationsschrift (Stand: 8.11.99) "Warriors of the Net"
Cyber Geography Research
Jens Runkehl . Peter Schlobinski . Torsten Siever
Robin Meyer-Lucht, Link 2.0 -- Vom
Memex zu kollaborativen Filtern
Florian Schneider, Alles Gute aus der Dose: Spam, das Frühstücksfleisch
und die digital-ökologische Umweltverschmutzung, Linksverkehr-Kolumne,
Süddeutsche Zeitung, 8.1.01
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